5. STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS Table 5.2. Maximum nail and screw size d [mm] for edge face (edgewise) connections Table 5.3. Minimum spacings, end distances and edge distances for bolts and screws with max outer thread diameter >12 mm with predrilled holes 32. Note: EN 1995-1-1:2004 (Eurocode 5) has a limit of d ef < 6 mm which corresponds with 9 mm outer thread diameter. LVL thickness Laterally loaded connections Axially loaded connections Without predrilling a4,c ≥ 7d With predrilling a4,c ≥ 3d a2,CG ≥ 4d Nails and screws Nails Screws Screws 27 mm 1,9 4,5 4,5 3,4 33 mm 2,4 5,5 5,5 4,1 39 mm 2,8 6,5 6,5 4,9 45 mm 3,2 7,5 7,5 5,6 51 mm 3,6 8,0 8,5 6,4 57 mm 4,1 8,0 9,5 7,1 63 mm 4,5 8,0 10,5 7,9 69 mm 4,9 8,0 11,5 8,6 75 mm 5,4 8,0 12,0 9,4 Spacing or distance, see Figures 5.4-5.5 and 5.7 Angle α Minimum spacing or end/edge distance LVL-P / GLVL-P or LVL-C / GLVL-C edge face LVL-C / GLVL-C wide face Spacing a1 (parallel to grain) 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° (4 + 3│cos α│) d a) 4d Spacing a2 (perpendicular to grain) 0° ≤ α ≤ 360° 4d 4d Distance a3,t (loaded end) -90° ≤ α ≤ 90° max (7d; 105 mm) b) max (4d; 60 mm) c) Distance a3,c (unloaded end) 90° ≤ α < 150 ° 150° ≤ α < 210° 210° ≤ α ≤ 270° (1 + 6 sin α) d 4d (1 + 6│sin α│) d 4d 4d 4d Distance a4,t (loaded edge) 0° ≤ α ≤ 180° max [(2 + 2 sin α) d; 3d] max [(2 + 2 sin α) d; 3d] Distance a4,c (unloaded edge) 180° ≤ α ≤ 360° 3d 3d a) minimum spacing a1 may be reduced to 5d if fh,0,k is multiplied by a1 / (4 + 3│cos α│) d b) minimum end distance a3,t may be reduced to 7d for d < 15 mm if fh,0,k is multiplied by a3,t /105 mm c) minimum end distance a3,t may be reduced to 4d for d < 15 mm if fh,0,k is multiplied by a3,t / 60 mm Spacing and end/edge distances on circular patterns for double shear moment-resisting connections, see Figure 5.6 Minimum spacing or distance LVL-P, GLVL-P wide face LVL-C / GLVL-C wide face Side member LVL-C / GLVL-C wide face Middle member LVL-P, GLVL-P or LVL-C wide face a1 (spacing on circle) 6d 4d 5d a2 (spacing between circles) 5d 4d 5d a3,t (loaded end) 6d 4d 6d in middle member 4d in side member a4,t (loaded edge) 4d 3d 4d in middle member 3d in side member Table 5.3 148 LVL Handbook Europe
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